The authors use case studies from shales from petroleumbearing basins to illustrate their shale characterization methodology. Comparing with other simulation models, the fractal fracture could not only maintain the bifurcation of the fracture geometry but also represent the multilevel feature of the complex fracture networks according to its fractal characteristics. Shale gas production is uniquely enabled by hydraulic fracturing, a technique that has. Utah shales may contain the right stuffnatural gas utah. More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of insitu stress changes on wellbore and. Slickwater fracturing is the most routine form of well stimulation in shales.
There are many reasons which may lead to hole walls instability. Shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs article in journal of natural gas science and engineering 36 november 2016 with 88 reads how we measure reads. Since the beginning of the us shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. A complex fracture propagation model, developed by wu 19, was used to simulate simultaneous multiple fracture propagation in shale gas formation.
Eagle ford play in south texas is a good example of how the same shale can contain the three fluids from oil, gas wet to dry gas with increases the depth of the shale rock. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas. Hf methods in vertical wells led to limited production of the gas in the antrim shale michigan basin, barnett. Co2 and n2 injection to enhance shale gas recovery penn state. Drilling operations and well design, second edition, keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs. Mechanical properties of three selected shale gas deposits. Geomechanics of gas shales fundamentals of gas shale. Prospective shale plays share several interesting characteristics such as mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics.
The rock deformation was modeled by a simplified 3d displacement discontinuity method 20. Shale geophysical monograph series agu publications wiley. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness. In applied rock mechanics, students are provided with basic theory, laboratory demonstrations, handson exercises, and computer modeling demonstrations. The rock deformation and fluid flow were iteratively coupled in the model. Is it that new factors have appeared that we must take into account. The first type characterizes the brittleness based on the mineralogical compositions of the rock, while the second type uses the rock mechanics parameters for its characterization.
Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shalepart ii. Fracking hydraulic fracturing databases, films, books, and other resources on fracking and its impact. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well design 2nd edition details this book keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. Applied rock mechanics training course petroskills arm. The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and policymakers in gas producing and prospective countries. This interdisciplinary book encompasses the fields of rock mechanics, structural geology and petroleum engineering to address a wide range of geomechanical problems that arise during the exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs. Shale gas, natural gas obtained from sheetlike formations of shale, frequently at depths exceeding 1,500 metres 5,000 feet. Shale formations composed mainly of claysize mineral grains are the most abundant sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earthorganic shale formations are source rocks as well as the reservoir basement and cap rocks that trap oil and gas speight, 2014a.
Shale gas is the term often used to describe both tight gas and shale gas resources. New correlations for deepwater reservoirs and shale oil and shale gas formations are proposed. Rock mechanics can include analysis of and relationships between properties such as velocity, density, porosity, permeability, shear strength, and bending and crushing behavior, as well as the greater geological context of forces that deform strata and produce geological structures. Shale gas and hydraulic fracturing welcome to siwi.
Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use. Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. Petroleum rock mechanics engineering textbooks elsevier. These shale plays are being evaluated based on a number of criteria but primarily through typical unconventional and tight formation gas reservoir characteristics. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity involves, as a first step, conducting some core laboratory tests to relate and integrate the mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics. Carbonate minerals, clay minerals, and quartz are the main minerals found in shale gas reservoirs. In this paper, we introduce an lsystem based on the fractal geometry to study complex fracture networks.
The application of geomechanics to oil and gas field development leads to significant. Fluids water, magma, petroleum, natural gas, atmosphere. Critical geomechanics concepts for hydraulic fracturing. Mechanics and mechanisms is an authoritative monograph written by m. Fracking simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment book. These two specialists base their treatise on lots of practical experience with drilling in shale formations. Hole walls stability is a complex problem which exploration engineering has been working to solve. Fracking hydraulic fracturing books, films, and other resources search this guide search. Applied geoscience in shale exploration and production.
Rock mechanics problemsrock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. The basic suite of core tests recommended by this work includes. Shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations. Shales are finegrained sedimentary rocks consisting of silt and claysized particles that were laid down hundreds of millions of years ago as organicrich mud at the bottom of ancient seas and tidal flats. The study of the physical characteristics and behavior of rock.
Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shale part ii. These shale beds are widespread, thick, organic rich, and buried deep enough in many areas to create and hold significant recoverable gas reserves. Furthermore, shale often e xhibits variation in strength pr operties along and. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment, pp. Drilling operations and well design covers the fundamentals of solid mechanics and petroleum rock mechanics and their application to oil and gas related drilling operations and well design. Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale history and method. We explore the use of these gases as stimulants on green river shale to compare the form and behavior of fractures in shale driven by different gas compositions and states and indexed by breakdown. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy supplies, as well as the potential use of shale formations for carbon dioxide sequestration and nuclear waste storage. The science behind the controversy is an important book that should be read by anyone concerned or interested in shale gas or the issues surrounding fracking. Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Wellbore stability in oil and gas drilling with chemical. Empirical equations and correlations between rock strengths and petrophysical and geophysical properties are presented for different lithologies. Accessible and informative, this book is perfect for general readers, industry and environmental professionals, regulators, politicians, community leaders. Shale is a fissile referring to the ability of the shale.
Shale gas a natural tight gas 9 drivers for growth 10 the evolving global energy landscape and the emergence of shale gas 11 hydraulic fracturing 16 water and the fracking process 17 different aspects of waterrelated risks from fracking 18 other threats linked to shale gas and fracking 22 case descriptions 25 recommendations 29. Rocks mechanics legend erle donaldson, along with colleagues waqi alam and nasrin begum from the oil and gas consultant company tetrahedron, have authored this handbook on updated fundamentals and more recent technology used during a common hydraulic fracturing procedure. Exploration and environmental and economic impacts explores the shale gas exploration and production activities that are increasing globally, also presenting a basic understanding on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical aspects. Based on that we might ask ourselves why is the production of gas higher than expected. Organic material and thermal maturity are required, but reservoir rocks, migration paths. Widely regarded as the most authoritative and comprehensive book in its field, the fourth edition of fundamentals of rock mechanics includes new and substantially updated chapters to this highly praised text extensively updated throughout, this new edition contains substantially expanded chapters on poroelasticity, wave propogation, and subsurface stresses. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. Alberto minardi, alessio ferrari, russell ewy and lyesse laloui, nonlinear elastic response of partially saturated gas shales in uniaxial compression, rock mechanics and rock engineering, 10. Page professor of geophysics at stanford university, california. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering. Introduction to shale gas geomechanics business drivers basics of rock mechanics includes concept of stressstrain. He conducts research on in situ stress, fault mechanics, and reservoir geomechanics with an emphasis on shale gas, tight gas and tight oil production. Response of rocks to applied loads earth materials rocks soils fluids. The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and.
A new evaluation method for the fracability of a shale. Since the year 2000, unconventional shale plays have contributed greatly to the global oil and gas supply, particularly in the united states. Shale gas and shale oil development depends on successful mshf, and. These contamination pathways are not unique to shale gas and shale oil, and they are manageable. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geophysical, and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional reservoirs. The main difference between tight gas and shale gas, however, is that tight gas can be found in low permeability sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones, while shale gas rocks are usually impermeable 2 royal dutch shell plc. Georef subject coal energy sources ground water north america petroleum natural gas rock mechanics shale gas pollution sedimentary rocks water resources gas shale. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure.
Although rock mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. Joint sets in outcrops of the oil source rock, central sumatra basin. Emphasis is on actual field results, practical approaches to treatment design, and the reasons for altering designs based on fluid and rock properties. This book details the analytical processes involved and the interpretation of the data generated to present comprehensive source rock evaluation of organicrich shales. It sounds more like a comic book exclamation kapow. Feb 14, 20 shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations.
Rock units such as the bakken shale of north dakota and the niobrara shale of colorado, kansas, nebraska and wyoming are now yielding significant amounts of oil from hydraulic fracturing. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and. The practical application of rock mechanics is emphasized. Petroleum rock mechanics introduces the fundamentals of solid mechanics and applies them to oil and gas related drilling and well operation and completion problems. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment.
What is the response of rocks under dynamic earthquake type loading. When analyzing the flow production data in a shale play notice that these measures are higher than those predicted by darcys law with which they were calculated. In this book, vikram rao addresses the issues surrounding shale gas in a balanced fashion. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well. The objectives are to a develop theoretical fracture mechanics tools that are applicable to transversely isotropic materials such as sedimentary rock, more particularly oil shale. The success of shale gas recovery using hydraulic fracking is greatly dependent on the shale s brittleness, since brittle shales have many preexisting fractures. Lectures 18 and 19 are on topics related to geomechanical issues affecting shale gas and tight oil recovery.
Distinct characteristics of shale make it exceptionally difficult to work with. Provides a crosscutting view of shale gas and tight oil in the context of geology, petroleum engineering, and the. Are these still fulfilling classical laws of fluid mechanics used in. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on in. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on. Decades ago, natural gas occurrence was noted during drilling through the naturally fractured black shales of appalachia ohio shale, marcellus shale, utica shale charpentier et al. Numerical study of simultaneous multiple fracture propagation.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic. Integrated approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. According to the fluid that is in greater proportion inside the shale are classified as shale gas or shale oil. Aiming at hole walls stability in coal exploration, this paper takes shale as objects of study and uses the mpc method for example. Lee, 20, quantitative evaluation of completion techniques on influencing shale. Tight oil and shale gas comprise this lowergrade resource in the realm of fossil fuel. Hydraulic fracturing in shale with h2o, co2 and n2 onepetro.
Creep behavior at in situ in situ pct conditions, rock me. Zobacks textbook, reservoir geomechanics cambridge university press, 2007 with updated examples and applications. Understanding and managing these resources requires a unique understanding about the geology, geophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics of each reservoir in a seamless interdisciplinary approach. Analysis on rock properties based on exploration of hole. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the united states, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. This course covers the essential technology for planning, monitoring, and evaluating hydraulic fracturing treatments in shale reservoirs.
However, the mancos and other utah shales may contain the right stuff to generate, store, and produce natural gas. What is the bearing capacity of rock on surface an at depths. When wet, they become a muddy quagmire and when dry, a desert wasteland. Waterbased fracturing fluids are used for gas shale stimulations. Doi link for rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy. A water impoundment at a drill pad in the fayetteville shale gas play of arkansas. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity. Even though the engineering properties of shale have been studied for several decades, shale engineering is still prone to unexpected instabilities and delays, representing a serious problem for the petroleum, mining and civil engineering industry. Application of the fractal geometry theory on fracture.
Rock mechanics aspects of hydraulic fracturing in the. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas assessment. While some complain that extracting natural gas from shale rock formations is tainting their water supply, others who have allowed drilling on. Rock failure mechanisms are studied based on uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. In addition to a comprehensive manual, software is provided for the student to perform wellbore stability calculations. His first book, reservoir geomechanics cambridge, 2007 is now in its 15th printing. Lecture 20 is on the topic of managing the risk of triggered and induced seismicity. The brittleness indices used in rock mechanics and their. More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of. The critical taper model is a simple means of determining whether basic rock.
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