Empirical equations and correlations between rock strengths and petrophysical and geophysical properties are presented for different lithologies. Fracking simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Creep behavior at in situ in situ pct conditions, rock me. This course covers the essential technology for planning, monitoring, and evaluating hydraulic fracturing treatments in shale reservoirs. These contamination pathways are not unique to shale gas and shale oil, and they are manageable.
Page professor of geophysics at stanford university, california. The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and policymakers in gas producing and prospective countries. However, the mancos and other utah shales may contain the right stuff to generate, store, and produce natural gas. Petroleum rock mechanics engineering textbooks elsevier. The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and. Mechanical properties of three selected shale gas deposits. Widely regarded as the most authoritative and comprehensive book in its field, the fourth edition of fundamentals of rock mechanics includes new and substantially updated chapters to this highly praised text extensively updated throughout, this new edition contains substantially expanded chapters on poroelasticity, wave propogation, and subsurface stresses. Tight oil and shale gas comprise this lowergrade resource in the realm of fossil fuel. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well. Critical geomechanics concepts for hydraulic fracturing. Rock mechanics problemsrock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. Shales are finegrained sedimentary rocks consisting of silt and claysized particles that were laid down hundreds of millions of years ago as organicrich mud at the bottom of ancient seas and tidal flats. Shale gas and hydraulic fracturing welcome to siwi.
He conducts research on in situ stress, fault mechanics, and reservoir geomechanics with an emphasis on shale gas, tight gas and tight oil production. The study of the physical characteristics and behavior of rock. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic. Shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations. This book details the analytical processes involved and the interpretation of the data generated to present comprehensive source rock evaluation of organicrich shales. Numerical study of simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale history and method. Rock mechanics can include analysis of and relationships between properties such as velocity, density, porosity, permeability, shear strength, and bending and crushing behavior, as well as the greater geological context of forces that deform strata and produce geological structures. Shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. Analysis on rock properties based on exploration of hole.
Understanding and managing these resources requires a unique understanding about the geology, geophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics of each reservoir in a seamless interdisciplinary approach. The rock deformation and fluid flow were iteratively coupled in the model. Distinct characteristics of shale make it exceptionally difficult to work with. Furthermore, shale often e xhibits variation in strength pr operties along and. Shale is a fissile referring to the ability of the shale. A water impoundment at a drill pad in the fayetteville shale gas play of arkansas. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment book. Decades ago, natural gas occurrence was noted during drilling through the naturally fractured black shales of appalachia ohio shale, marcellus shale, utica shale charpentier et al. Shale geophysical monograph series agu publications wiley. Waterbased fracturing fluids are used for gas shale stimulations. Exploration and environmental and economic impacts explores the shale gas exploration and production activities that are increasing globally, also presenting a basic understanding on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical aspects. The application of geomechanics to oil and gas field development leads to significant. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment, pp. Applied rock mechanics training course petroskills arm.
When wet, they become a muddy quagmire and when dry, a desert wasteland. Drilling operations and well design, second edition, keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. What is the response of rocks under dynamic earthquake type loading. Shale gas and shale oil development depends on successful mshf, and. In addition to a comprehensive manual, software is provided for the student to perform wellbore stability calculations.
Rock failure mechanisms are studied based on uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Organic material and thermal maturity are required, but reservoir rocks, migration paths. Rock units such as the bakken shale of north dakota and the niobrara shale of colorado, kansas, nebraska and wyoming are now yielding significant amounts of oil from hydraulic fracturing. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness. Mechanics and mechanisms is an authoritative monograph written by m. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure. This interdisciplinary book encompasses the fields of rock mechanics, structural geology and petroleum engineering to address a wide range of geomechanical problems that arise during the exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well design 2nd edition details this book keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. Comparing with other simulation models, the fractal fracture could not only maintain the bifurcation of the fracture geometry but also represent the multilevel feature of the complex fracture networks according to its fractal characteristics. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas assessment. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy. Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use.
The critical taper model is a simple means of determining whether basic rock. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs. Hf methods in vertical wells led to limited production of the gas in the antrim shale michigan basin, barnett. Utah shales may contain the right stuffnatural gas utah. Alberto minardi, alessio ferrari, russell ewy and lyesse laloui, nonlinear elastic response of partially saturated gas shales in uniaxial compression, rock mechanics and rock engineering, 10. Is it that new factors have appeared that we must take into account. The brittleness indices used in rock mechanics and their.
Even though the engineering properties of shale have been studied for several decades, shale engineering is still prone to unexpected instabilities and delays, representing a serious problem for the petroleum, mining and civil engineering industry. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geophysical, and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional reservoirs. Although rock mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs article in journal of natural gas science and engineering 36 november 2016 with 88 reads how we measure reads.
The science behind the controversy is an important book that should be read by anyone concerned or interested in shale gas or the issues surrounding fracking. More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of insitu stress changes on wellbore and. A new evaluation method for the fracability of a shale. The success of shale gas recovery using hydraulic fracking is greatly dependent on the shale s brittleness, since brittle shales have many preexisting fractures. In applied rock mechanics, students are provided with basic theory, laboratory demonstrations, handson exercises, and computer modeling demonstrations.
According to the fluid that is in greater proportion inside the shale are classified as shale gas or shale oil. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment. Shale gas a natural tight gas 9 drivers for growth 10 the evolving global energy landscape and the emergence of shale gas 11 hydraulic fracturing 16 water and the fracking process 17 different aspects of waterrelated risks from fracking 18 other threats linked to shale gas and fracking 22 case descriptions 25 recommendations 29. Application of the fractal geometry theory on fracture. These shale plays are being evaluated based on a number of criteria but primarily through typical unconventional and tight formation gas reservoir characteristics. Hole walls stability is a complex problem which exploration engineering has been working to solve. Joint sets in outcrops of the oil source rock, central sumatra basin. Feb 14, 20 shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations. Applied geoscience in shale exploration and production. Georef subject coal energy sources ground water north america petroleum natural gas rock mechanics shale gas pollution sedimentary rocks water resources gas shale. Shale gas production is uniquely enabled by hydraulic fracturing, a technique that has. Eagle ford play in south texas is a good example of how the same shale can contain the three fluids from oil, gas wet to dry gas with increases the depth of the shale rock. Hydraulic fracturing in shale with h2o, co2 and n2 onepetro.
Rock mechanics aspects of hydraulic fracturing in the. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity involves, as a first step, conducting some core laboratory tests to relate and integrate the mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics. Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shale part ii. The main difference between tight gas and shale gas, however, is that tight gas can be found in low permeability sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones, while shale gas rocks are usually impermeable 2 royal dutch shell plc. Aiming at hole walls stability in coal exploration, this paper takes shale as objects of study and uses the mpc method for example. In this paper, we introduce an lsystem based on the fractal geometry to study complex fracture networks. Since the year 2000, unconventional shale plays have contributed greatly to the global oil and gas supply, particularly in the united states. Emphasis is on actual field results, practical approaches to treatment design, and the reasons for altering designs based on fluid and rock properties. Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations.
Accessible and informative, this book is perfect for general readers, industry and environmental professionals, regulators, politicians, community leaders. The objectives are to a develop theoretical fracture mechanics tools that are applicable to transversely isotropic materials such as sedimentary rock, more particularly oil shale. Rocks mechanics legend erle donaldson, along with colleagues waqi alam and nasrin begum from the oil and gas consultant company tetrahedron, have authored this handbook on updated fundamentals and more recent technology used during a common hydraulic fracturing procedure. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics. Petroleum rock mechanics introduces the fundamentals of solid mechanics and applies them to oil and gas related drilling and well operation and completion problems.
Fracking hydraulic fracturing books, films, and other resources search this guide search. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on. Shale gas is the term often used to describe both tight gas and shale gas resources. Slickwater fracturing is the most routine form of well stimulation in shales. Lecture 20 is on the topic of managing the risk of triggered and induced seismicity. Geomechanics of gas shales fundamentals of gas shale. When analyzing the flow production data in a shale play notice that these measures are higher than those predicted by darcys law with which they were calculated.
Are these still fulfilling classical laws of fluid mechanics used in. Drilling operations and well design covers the fundamentals of solid mechanics and petroleum rock mechanics and their application to oil and gas related drilling operations and well design. Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shalepart ii. Integrated approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. Lectures 18 and 19 are on topics related to geomechanical issues affecting shale gas and tight oil recovery. Shale formations composed mainly of claysize mineral grains are the most abundant sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earthorganic shale formations are source rocks as well as the reservoir basement and cap rocks that trap oil and gas speight, 2014a. The rock deformation was modeled by a simplified 3d displacement discontinuity method 20. A complex fracture propagation model, developed by wu 19, was used to simulate simultaneous multiple fracture propagation in shale gas formation. Since the beginning of the us shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. We explore the use of these gases as stimulants on green river shale to compare the form and behavior of fractures in shale driven by different gas compositions and states and indexed by breakdown. Prospective shale plays share several interesting characteristics such as mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics. New correlations for deepwater reservoirs and shale oil and shale gas formations are proposed. Wellbore stability in oil and gas drilling with chemical.
Response of rocks to applied loads earth materials rocks soils fluids. It sounds more like a comic book exclamation kapow. There are many reasons which may lead to hole walls instability. Provides a crosscutting view of shale gas and tight oil in the context of geology, petroleum engineering, and the. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on in. The first type characterizes the brittleness based on the mineralogical compositions of the rock, while the second type uses the rock mechanics parameters for its characterization. The authors use case studies from shales from petroleumbearing basins to illustrate their shale characterization methodology.
While some complain that extracting natural gas from shale rock formations is tainting their water supply, others who have allowed drilling on. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the united states, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. Fluids water, magma, petroleum, natural gas, atmosphere. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and. Introduction to shale gas geomechanics business drivers basics of rock mechanics includes concept of stressstrain. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy supplies, as well as the potential use of shale formations for carbon dioxide sequestration and nuclear waste storage. These shale beds are widespread, thick, organic rich, and buried deep enough in many areas to create and hold significant recoverable gas reserves. The practical application of rock mechanics is emphasized. Based on that we might ask ourselves why is the production of gas higher than expected. These two specialists base their treatise on lots of practical experience with drilling in shale formations. In this book, vikram rao addresses the issues surrounding shale gas in a balanced fashion.
More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of. Lee, 20, quantitative evaluation of completion techniques on influencing shale. Zobacks textbook, reservoir geomechanics cambridge university press, 2007 with updated examples and applications. Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity. Fracking hydraulic fracturing databases, films, books, and other resources on fracking and its impact. The basic suite of core tests recommended by this work includes.
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